ABSTRACT Candida endocarditis is a very serious manifestation of candida infections, and it has increased in incidence over the past years. Of these, C. parapsilosis has been described as a cause of endocarditis in native valves of intravenous drug users and prosthetic valves. We report the case of a female that developed a cerebrovascular accident secondary to emboli from aortic prosthetic valve C. parapsilosis endocarditis, despite apparently normal echocardiography. She received antifungal therapy without surgical intervention.

RESUMEN La endocarditis por Candida spp. es una manifestación muy grave de las infecciones por este patógeno y su incidencia ha ido aumentando en los últimos años. La Candida parapsilosis se ha descrito como causa de endocarditis en válvulas nativas de usuarios de drogas intravenosas y prótesis valvulares. Presentamos el caso de una mujer que desarrolló un accidente cerebrovascular secundario a émbolos fúngicos procedentes de una prótesis valvular aórtica infectada por C. parapsilosis, a pesar de un ecocardiograma sin vegetaciones. La paciente recibió tratamiento antifúngico sin necesidad de intervención quirúrgica.

Resumo O aumento da frequência das ondas de calor (OsC) é uma das consequências proeminentes das alterações climáticas. O seu impacto na saúde humana tem sido relatado principalmente no hemisfério norte, mas tem sido mal estudado no hemisfério sul. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os efeitos das OsC ocorridas no verão de 2013-14 sobre a mortalidade na região centro-norte da Argentina, onde 22 milhões de pessoas vivem. Foi realizado um estudo observacional de tipo ecológico que contrasta a mortalidade ocorrida durante as OsC do verão 2013-14 com a mortalidade nos verões 2010-11 a 2012-13. A mortalidade foi analisada de acordo com local de residência, idade, sexo e causa de morte. Durante as OsC do verão de 2013-14, registaram-se 1.877 (RR=1.23, 95%IC 1.20-1.28) mortes em excesso. O risco de morte (RM) aumentou significativamente em 13 das 18 províncias analisadas. As taxas de mortalidade por sexo revelaram um comportamento heterogêneo tanto no tempo como na escala espacial. O RM foi aumentado com a idade; este aumento foi particularmente significativo em quatro províncias para o grupo de 60-79 anos e em seis províncias em pessoas com mais de 80 anos. As causas de morte que mostraram significativamente incrementos foram: doenças respiratórias, cardiovasculares, renais e diabetes.

Abstract Increased frequency of heat waves (HWs) is one of the prominent consequences of climate change. Its impact on human health has been mostly reported in the northern hemisphere but has been poorly studied in the southern hemisphere. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of the HWs waves occurred in the warm season 2013-14 on mortality in the center-north region of Argentina, where 22 million people live. It was carried out an observational study of ecological-type contrasting the mortality occurred during the HWs of the summer 2013-14 with the mortality in the summers 2010-11 to 2012-13, free from HWs. The mortality was analyzed according to the following variables: place of residence, age, sex and cause of death. During the HWs of the summer 2013-14, 1877 (RR=1.23, 95%CI 1.20-1.28) deaths in excess were registered. Moreover, the death risk significantly increased in 13 of the 18 provinces analyzed. The mortality rates by sex revealed heterogeneous behaviour regarding both the time and spatial scale. The death risk increased with age; it was particularly significant in four provinces for the 60-79 years group and in six provinces in people of 80 years and over. The death causes that showed significantly increments were respiratory, cardiovascular, renal diseases and diabetes.

Resumo O aumento da frequência das ondas de calor (OsC) é uma das consequências proeminentes das alterações climáticas. O seu impacto na saúde humana tem sido relatado principalmente no hemisfério norte, mas tem sido mal estudado no hemisfério sul. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os efeitos das OsC ocorridas no verão de 2013-14 sobre a mortalidade na região centro-norte da Argentina, onde 22 milhões de pessoas vivem. Foi realizado um estudo observacional de tipo ecológico que contrasta a mortalidade ocorrida durante as OsC do verão 2013-14 com a mortalidade nos verões 2010-11 a 2012-13. A mortalidade foi analisada de acordo com local de residência, idade, sexo e causa de morte. Durante as OsC do verão de 2013-14, registaram-se 1.877 (RR=1.23, 95%IC 1.20-1.28) mortes em excesso. O risco de morte (RM) aumentou significativamente em 13 das 18 províncias analisadas. As taxas de mortalidade por sexo revelaram um comportamento heterogêneo tanto no tempo como na escala espacial. O RM foi aumentado com a idade; este aumento foi particularmente significativo em quatro províncias para o grupo de 60-79 anos e em seis províncias em pessoas com mais de 80 anos. As causas de morte que mostraram significativamente incrementos foram: doenças respiratórias, cardiovasculares, renais e diabetes.

Abstract Increased frequency of heat waves (HWs) is one of the prominent consequences of climate change. Its impact on human health has been mostly reported in the northern hemisphere but has been poorly studied in the southern hemisphere. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of the HWs waves occurred in the warm season 2013-14 on mortality in the center-north region of Argentina, where 22 million people live. It was carried out an observational study of ecological-type contrasting the mortality occurred during the HWs of the summer 2013-14 with the mortality in the summers 2010-11 to 2012-13, free from HWs. The mortality was analyzed according to the following variables: place of residence, age, sex and cause of death. During the HWs of the summer 2013-14, 1877 (RR=1.23, 95%CI 1.20-1.28) deaths in excess were registered. Moreover, the death risk significantly increased in 13 of the 18 provinces analyzed. The mortality rates by sex revealed heterogeneous behaviour regarding both the time and spatial scale. The death risk increased with age; it was particularly significant in four provinces for the 60-79 years group and in six provinces in people of 80 years and over. The death causes that showed significantly increments were respiratory, cardiovascular, renal diseases and diabetes.

ABSTRACT Hantavirosis is a zoonotic infection transmitted mainly by rodents. In Peru, a lethality of 40-60% is calculated in inhabitants of the Peruvian Amazon jungle, especially in Loreto. Despite this, this disease continues to be under-diagnosed despite the fact that it represents a serious problem for public health in Latin America. We present a systematic revision of case reports and series of cases of Hantavirus infection in the Peruvian jungle. The most important characteristic of the cases presented are mean age 25.7 years, predominance of female sex (5/6), clinical presentation of headache, myalgias, nausea and vomiting (6/6) and unfavorable evolution to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), renal failure, septic shock and multiple organ failure in 3 of the cases presented.

RESUMEN La hantavirosis es una infección zoonótica transmitida principalmente por roedores. En el Perú, se calcula una letalidad del 40-60% en pobladores de la selva amazónica peruana, especialmente en Loreto. A pesar de ello, esta enfermedad continúa siendo sub-diagnosticada a pesar que representa un problema serio para la salud pública en Latinoamérica. Presentamos una revisión sistemática de reportes y series de casos de infección por Hantavirus procedentes de la selva peruana. Las características más importantes de los casos presentados son: media de edad 25.7 años, predominio del sexo femenino (5/6), presentación clínica de cefalea, mialgias, nausea y vómitos (6/6), y evolución desfavorable a distrés respiratorio agudo (SDRA), falla renal, shock séptico y falla multiorgánica en 3 de los casos presentados.

ABSTRACT Accidents caused by spider bites are a public health problem in Peru. Of these, those related to Loxosceles spider bites have been the cause of numerous deaths, mainly on the coast. These bites generally result in a cutaneous lesion or systemic involvement, which may threaten the person's life if not treated timely. An international protocol is not yet available for the diagnosis, prediction or management of Loxosceles spider bites. Therefore, therapeutic options are applied which are not supported by evidence. Still, timely and appropriate support management is crucial in severe cases. An unusual case of viscerocutaneous loxoscelism is presented, also known as systemic loxoscelism, which occurred in a rural area. The case was characterized by severe renal involvement requiring hemodialysis, but its outcome was favorable, despite not using antiloxoscelic serum, which shows the importance of timely management based on appropriate support measures.

RESUMEN En el Perú los accidentes por mordedura de araña representan un problema de salud colectiva; de estos, el producido por la araña Loxosceles ha sido causa de numerosas muertes sobre todo en la costa. Esta tiende a ocasionar, ya sea una lesión cutánea o un cuadro sistémico, que puede llevar a la muerte del individuo si no es tratado a tiempo. Hasta la fecha no se cuenta con un protocolo de diagnóstico, predicción ni manejo a nivel internacional, por lo que se utilizan opciones terapéuticas sin respaldo de evidencia. Sin embargo, el manejo de soporte oportuno y adecuado es crucial para los cuadros severos. Se presenta el caso inusual de un loxoscelismo cutáneo-visceral o también llamado sistémico ocurrido en una zona rural. Hubo un compromiso renal severo que requirió hemodiálisis con un desenlace favorable a pesar del no uso de suero antiloxoscélico, lo que evidencia la importancia del manejo oportuno con las medidas de soporte adecuadas.

ABSTRACT Ingestion of foreign bodies is common in the pediatric population. Most foreign bodies have a benign behavior and are usually eliminated without generating greater morbidity and mortality. In relation to the intake of magnets, its frequency has increased to the point that it currently represents a public health problem in the pediatric population. The ingestion of a single magnet does not generate any risk, but the ingestion of 2 or more of these, or even of magnets and metals in succession is considered an emergency since they can attract each other and can cause serious symptoms of intestinal obstruction, bleeding, fistulas, perforation and even intestinal necrosis. We present 2 pediatric patients, who ingested multiple magnets, in these cases we highlight the variety in the clinical presentation, as well as the complications presented in relation to a late diagnosis.

RESUMEN La ingesta de cuerpos extraños es común en población pediátrica. La mayoría de cuerpos extraños tienen un comportamiento benigno y suelen ser eliminados sin generar mayor morbimortalidad. En relación a la ingesta de imanes, se ha incrementado su frecuencia, a tal punto que en la actualidad representa un problema de salud pública en población pediátrica. La ingesta de un solo imán no genera ningún riesgo, pero la ingestión de 2 o más de estos, o incluso de imanes y metales de forma sucesiva se considera una emergencia ya que estos pueden atraerse entre sí pudiendo provocar cuadros graves de obstrucción intestinal, sangrado, fístulas, perforación e incluso necrosis intestinal. Presentamos 2 pacientes en edad pediátrica, que ingirieron múltiples imanes, en estos casos resaltamos la variedad en la presentación clínica, así como las complicaciones presentadas en relación a un diagnóstico tardío.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Mortality is associated with daily temperatures and extreme cold events. This study aimed to analyze the effects of low temperatures on mortality in the main urban areas of Argentina during 2005-2015. METHODS A time-series study with generalized additive models was conducted, modeling the relationship between low temperatures and mortality for 21 cities in Argentina between 2005 and 2015. Total mortality was analyzed as well as mortality by sex, age and cause of death, considering cold days, cold spells and delays of 7 and 14 days after those events. RESULTS Within a 7-day lag, the risk of death increases for a cold day in half of the cities analyzed between 1.04 [CI95%: 1.00-1.08] and 1.14 [CI95%: 1.06-1.23]. The most vulnerable group was people aged 65 or more years, with increases of up to 1.20 [CI95%: 1.05-1.39]. Cold spells are associated with an increased risk within the subsequent 7 days in 8 cities (1.05 [CI95%: 1.03-1.08] to 1.30 [CI95%: 1.03-1.65]), which increases to 10 cities for the 14-day lag, with slightly lower values. CONCLUSIONS With differences in magnitude and statistical robustness by cities, the population of most urban areas presents an increased risk of death within 7 and 14 days after an event of extreme cold.

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN La mortalidad guarda relación con las temperaturas diarias y los eventos extremos. Este estudio buscó analizar los efectos de las bajas temperaturas sobre la mortalidad en las principales ciudades de Argentina en el período 2005-2015. MÉTODOS Se realizó un estudio de series temporales con modelos aditivos generalizados, modelando la relación entre bajas temperaturas y mortalidad para 21 ciudades de Argentina entre 2005 y 2015. Se analizó la mortalidad general y por grupos de sexo, edad y causa de muerte, en días fríos y días de olas de frío, así como los rezagos de 7 y 14 días posteriores a dichos eventos. RESULTADOS En los 7 días posteriores a un día frío, el riesgo de muerte aumenta en la mitad de las ciudades entre un 1,04 [IC95%: 1,00-1,08] y un 1,14 [IC95%: 1,06-1,23] según la ciudad. El grupo de 65 años y más es el que muestra mayor impacto, con un incremento de hasta el 1,20 [I C95%: 1,05-1,39]. Las olas de frío se asocian con un aumento más pronunciado en el riesgo de morir en los siguientes 7 días en 8 ciudades (1,05 [IC95%: 1,03-1,08] a 1,30 [IC95%: 1,03-1,65]), y en 10 ciudades en los siguientes 14 días, aunque con valores algo más bajos. CONCLUSIONES Con diferencias en magnitud y robustez estadística según las ciudades, la población de las áreas urbanas presenta un riesgo aumentado de muerte durante los 7 y 14 días posteriores a un evento de frío extremo.

Mucormycosis is a highly lethal fungal infection occurring in patients with some degree of immunosuppression. The rhinocerebral form is the most frequent presentation. This is the first report in Peru of a case of disseminated mucormycosis in a patient with diabetic ketoacidosis. This is a 47-year-old diabetic male subject who was referred from the Amazon jungle and presented with respiratory insufficiency receiving mechanical ventilation. On admission, the patient had leukocytosis, metabolic acidosis with high anion gap, hyperglycemia, and hypoalbuminemia. Soon afterwards, the patient underwent surgery because of acute abdomen, and the anatomopathological examination revealed necrosis and hollow viscus perforation, and he ultimately died. At this time, he was receiving amphotericin B deoxycholate. Straight angle hyphae compatible with mucormycosis were found in stomach, intestine, and lungs.

La mucormicosis es una infección fúngica altamente mortal que se presenta en pacientes con algún grado de inmunosupresión, siendo la forma rinocerebral la más común. Es el primer reporte en el Perú de mucormicosis diseminada con compromiso multisistémico en un paciente con cetoacidosis diabética. Se presenta el caso de un varón de 47 años diabético procedente de la selva peruana con cuadro de insuficiencia respiratoria en ventilación mecánica. A su ingreso presenta leucocitosis, acidosis metabólica anion gap elevado, hiperglicemia e hipoalbuminemia. Posteriormente, es intervenido quirúrgicamente en tres oportunidades por presentar abdomen agudo con hallazgos en la patología de necrosis y perforación de varios órganos, falleciendo a los pocos días. Paciente se encontraba recibiendo su quinta dosis de anfotericina B deoxicolato. Se observaron hifas con angulación recta compatible con mucormicosis en estómago, intestino y pulmón.

Abstract This paper investigates the opportunities for the law to be used as a tool for social change by Trans people in Colombia. It compares the retributions that the rights discourse has given to us through lawsuits we have filed to demand our gender identity, in light of legal reforms advanced by NGOs in the LGBTI sector. The first case examines how a legal awareness has been forged that urges Trans people to redefine the social meanings by which we are read. The second case warns that these organizations systematically reproduce hegemonic social arrangements. Therefore, the paper concludes that the law provides a localized and limited potential for emancipation of Trans people.

Resumen Este trabajo busca indagar las posibilidades que ofrece el Derecho para constituirse en una herramienta de cambio social para las personas Trans (PT) en Colombia. Para tal fin, compara las retribuciones que nos ha conferido el discurso de los derechos cuando nosotras mismas hemos adelantado litigios reivindicatorios a nuestra identidad de género frente a las reformas legales adelantadas por ONGs del sector LGBTI. 1 En el primer caso, se da cuenta del forjamiento de una conciencia legal que insta a que las PT redefinamos los significados sociales desde los cuales somos leídas. En el segundo caso, se advierte que dichas organizaciones reproducen sistemáticamente arreglos sociales hegemónicos. Por tanto, se concluye que el Derecho entraña un potencial localizado y limitado de emancipación para las PT.

Loxoscelism is a condition produced by the bite of spiders from the genus Loxosceles. It is considered to be an accident that occurs mostly in the night, due to the spider's nocturnal habits and good adaptation to domestic environments, preferably dark, dry spaces. It presents in two clinical scenarios: cutaneous (83.3 %) and visceral or systemic (16 %), with a variation in the cutaneous manifestation known as predominantly edematous loxoscelism. The objective of the study was to report an unusual case of scrotal loxoscelism. Diagnosis was based on the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the accident. It is concluded that scrotal loxoscelism is a very infrequent condition. Management of the patient greatly influences its evolution and progress. Exhaustive treatment with sulfadiazine twice daily and intravenous antibiotics yields very favorable results.

Loxoscelismo es el cuadro clínico originado por la mordedura de araña del género Loxosceles. Es considerado un accidente que ocurre con mayor frecuencia en las noches, debido al hábito nocturno de la araña y buena adaptación a los ambientes domésticos, preferentemente en espacios oscuros y secos. Clínicamente presenta dos escenarios, cutáneo (83,3 %) y visceral o sistémico (16 %), con una variación del cuadro cutáneo denominado loxoscelismo predominantemente edematoso. El objetivo es informar un caso inusual de loxoscelismo escrotal. El diagnóstico se realizó mediante las características clínicas y epidemiológicas del accidente. En conclusión, el loxoscelismo escrotal es una entidad muy infrecuente, el manejo del paciente influye mucho en su evolución y progresión; el tratamiento exhaustivo con sulfadiazina 2 veces al día y antibióticos intravenosos, muestra resultados muy favorables.

Among toxins produced by cyanobacteria, the microcystins are the most common livertoxins. High levels of microcystins can persist in the environment for several days, which represents a hazard to human health, and a challenge for drinking water management. In this study, the effect of the interaction of microcystin-LR from a cyanobacterial bloom and sediment was evaluated. A decrease in the concentration of microcystin-LR was detected from the third day, and a decrease to below the detection limit was observed. Water samples without sediment concentration of MC-LR were held constant (5.0 ± 0.1 μg/mL) throughout the test. These results were attributable to a possible adsorption on solid materials or a probable degradation of MC-LR by chemical or biological action. In addition, the data indicate that sediments play an important role in the degradation of microcystins in freshwater systems, providing relevant information that could be applied to management strategies for improving water quality in lakes, reservoirs and other water bodies.

Las cianotoxinas son producidas por cianobacterias e incluyen las microcistinas, consideradas como las toxinas cianobacteriales (hepatotoxinas) más comunes. Niveles elevados de microcistinas pueden persistir en el ambiente durante varios días, lo que significa un riesgo para la salud y un reto para la gestión del servicio público. En este estudio se evaluó el efecto de la interacción entre la microcistina-LR (MC-LR) procedente de un florecimiento cianobacterial y el sedimento obtenido del embalse Riogrande II (Antioquia). Se observó una disminución de la concentración de microcistina-LR hasta niveles inferiores al límite de detección en presencia del sedimento. En muestras de agua sin sedimento la concentración de MC-LR se mantuvo constante (5.0 ± 0.1 μg/mL). Estos resultados se atribuyen a una posible adsorción por materiales sólidos o a la degradación de la MC-LR por acción biológica o química. Además, los datos indican que los sedimentos juegan un rol en la degradación de microcistinas en sistemas de agua dulce, proporcionando información importante que puede ser aplicada en estrategias de gestión para el mejoramiento de la calidad del agua.

Los errores innatos del metabolismo (EIM) son más de 550 enfermedades en las que se presenta una deficiencia o ausencia de proteínas con actividad enzimática, transportadora, receptora o estructural. Cada una de estas enfermedades es rara, pero su gran variedad hace que, consideradas en conjunto, sean la principal patología neonatal. Para la detección de los metabolitos producidos en los EIM se pueden utilizar pruebas cualitativas. Su utilidad radica en que son muy rápidas y de fácil acceso, y en que sirven como pruebas presuntivas para proceder a hacer exámenes más especializados o para enfocar el diagnóstico. Teniendo en cuenta su importancia para un diagnóstico temprano de los EIM, el objetivo del presente artículo es describir el funcionamiento de las pruebas bioquímicas de resorcinol, dinitrofenilhidrazina, nitrosonaftol, nitroprusiato y Hoesch, haciendo énfasis en los metabolitos que detectan.

Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) are more than 550 diseases in which there is a deficiency or absence of proteins with enzymatic, transporter, receptor or structural activity. Individually these diseases are rare, but because of their wide variety they are, considered together, the largest neonatal disease. To detect metabolites produced in IEM qualitative tests can be used. They are easily accessible and fast to carry out, and serve as presumptive elements before proceeding to more specialized tests or to focus diagnosis. Given their importance for the early diagnosis of IEM, this article aims to describe the functioning of the following biochemical tests: dinitrophenylhydrazine, resorcinol, nitrosonaphtol, nitroprusside and Hoesch, emphasizing in the metabolites that they detect.

Os erros inatos do metabolismo (EIM) são mais de 550 doenças nas que se apresenta uma deficiência ou ausência de proteínas com atividade enzimática, transportadora, receptora ou estrutural. Cada uma destas doenças é rara, mas sua grande variedade faz que, consideradas em conjunto, sejam a principal patologia neonatal. Para a detecção dos metabólitos produzidos nos EIM se podem utilizar provas qualitativas. Sua utilidade radica em que são muito rápidas e de fácil acesso, e em que servem como provas presuntivas para proceder a fazer exames mais especializados ou para enfocar o diagnóstico. Tendo em conta sua importância para um diagnóstico precoce dos EIM, o objetivo do presente artigo é descrever o funcionamento das provas bioquímicas de resorcinol, dinitrofenilhidrazina, nitrosonaftol, nitroprusiato e Hoesch, fazendo ênfases nos metabólitos que detectam.

The main objective of this study is to identify the dates of the onset and end of the rainy season in Argentina North of 30°S, through an appropriate index, and to analyze its interannual variability in homogeneous regions with respect to the temporal variability of precipitation. We used daily precipitation data from 19 pluviometric stations in Argentina provided by the National Weather Service for the period 1974-2004, and zonal wind data at the level of 850 hPa derived from ECMWF (ERA-40) for the period 1979-1999. The dates of the onset and end were established for each station through a rainfall accumulation criterion. This criterion is adequate to analyze regions which have an accentuated rainfall annual cycle. The analysis of the interannual variability of the rainy season's series showed that both regions have a trend towards an extension in length. We found that changes in the low level zonal wind, from positive values (from mid-April to early September) to negative values (early September to mid-April), represent the climatological onset and end of the rainy season.

El objetivo principal de este trabajo es identificar la época de inicio y fin de la estación lluviosa en la Argentina al norte de 30ºS mediante un índice adecuado y analizar su variabilidad interanual en regiones homogéneas respecto a la variabilidad temporal de la precipitación. Se utilizaron datos de precipitación diaria en 19 estaciones pluviométricas de la República Argentina provistos por el Servicio Meteorológico Nacional, para el período 1974-2004, y datos de viento zonal en el nivel de 850 hPa de los reanálisis del ECMWF (ERA-40) para el período 1979-1999. Se establecieron las fechas de inicio y fin de la estación lluviosa para cada estación pluviométrica mediante un criterio de acumulación de precipitación. Este criterio resulta ser adecuado para analizar regiones cuyo ciclo anual de precipitación es marcado. El análisis de la variabilidad interanual de las series de inicio y fin de la estación lluviosa muestra que ambas regiones poseen tendencias hacia una extensión en la longitud de la misma. Se encuentra que los cambios en la componente zonal del viento en niveles bajos, de valores positivos (de mediados de abril a principios de septiembre) a valores negativos (principios de septiembre a mediados de abril), representan el inicio y fin climatológico de la estación lluviosa.

Background: The infectious diseases in the livestock breeding industry represent a significant drawback that generates substantial economic loss and have led to the indiscriminate use of antibiotics. The formulation of polymeric microparticles loaded with antibiotics for veterinary use can: reduce the number of required doses; protect the drug from inactivation; and maintain a sustained-release of the antibiotic drug at effective levels. Accomplishing all of these goals would have a significant economic and animal health impact on the livestock breeding industry. Results: In this work, we formulated ceftiofur-loaded PHBV microparticles (PHBV-CEF) with a spherical shape, a smooth surface and diameter sizes between 1.65 and 2.37 μm. The encapsulation efficiency was 39.5 ± 1.1% w/w, and we obtained a sustained release of ceftiofur in PBS-buffer (pH 7.4) over 7 days. The antibacterial activity of ceftiofur was preserved after the encapsulation procedure, and toxicity of PHBV-CEF microparticles evaluated by MTS was represented by an IC50 > 10 mg/mL. Conclusions: Our results suggest that PHBV-CEF particles have a potential application for improving the treatment of infectious diseases in the livestock breeding industry.